> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.clariti.site/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.
# Partial Factors
> Complete reference for partial factors used in EN 1992-4 calculations
This page provides a comprehensive reference for all partial factors (γ) used in EN 1992-4 anchor channel calculations.
## Purpose of Partial Factors
Partial factors account for:
* **Material variability** — Scatter in material properties
* **Model uncertainty** — Differences between theory and reality
* **Geometric tolerances** — Installation and manufacturing variations
* **Consequence of failure** — Reliability requirements
The overall safety format:
```
Ed ≤ Rd = Rk / γM
Where γM accounts for resistance uncertainties
```
## Resistance Partial Factors (γM)
### Steel Failure Modes
| Application | Symbol | Recommended | Notes |
| ----------------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ----------------------- |
| Tension, fyk | γMs | 1.0 | Yield strength basis |
| Tension, fuk | γMs | 1.2 | Ultimate strength basis |
| Shear | γMs | 1.0 | Standard |
| Combined | γMs | 1.2 | Conservative |
Product ETAs may specify different γMs values. Always check the ETA for the specific product being used.
### Concrete Failure Modes
| Failure Mode | Symbol | Recommended | EN 1992-4 Reference |
| --------------- | -------------- | ----------- | ------------------- |
| Concrete cone | γMc | 1.5 | Table 4.1 |
| Concrete edge | γMc | 1.5 | Table 4.1 |
| Concrete pryout | γMc | 1.5 | Table 4.1 |
### Other Failure Modes
| Failure Mode | Symbol | Recommended | Notes |
| ------------ | --------------- | ----------- | -------------------------- |
| Pullout | γMp | 1.5 | Product-specific available |
| Splitting | γMsp | 1.5 | Standard |
| Blow-out | γMc | 1.5 | If applicable |
## Complete Factor Table
Reference table for all modes:
| Mode | Characteristic | Partial Factor | Design Resistance |
| ------------- | ----------------- | --------------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
| Steel tension | NRk,s | γMs = 1.2 | NRd,s = NRk,s/1.2 |
| Concrete cone | NRk,c | γMc = 1.5 | NRd,c = NRk,c/1.5 |
| Pullout | NRk,p | γMp = 1.5 | NRd,p = NRk,p/1.5 |
| Splitting | NRk,sp | γMsp = 1.5 | NRd,sp = NRk,sp/1.5 |
| Steel shear | VRk,s | γMs = 1.0 | VRd,s = VRk,s/1.0 |
| Concrete edge | VRk,c | γMc = 1.5 | VRd,c = VRk,c/1.5 |
| Pryout | VRk,cp | γMc = 1.5 | VRd,cp = VRk,cp/1.5 |
## Reduction Factors (ψ)
In addition to γ factors, various ψ factors reduce characteristic resistances:
### Tension ψ Factors
| Factor | Symbol | Purpose | Typical Range |
| -------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- | ------------- |
| Edge effect | ψs,N | Edge disturbance | 0.7 - 1.0 |
| Eccentricity | ψec,N | Non-uniform loading | 0.5 - 1.0 |
| Reinforcement | ψre,N | Supplementary steel | 0.5 - 1.0 |
| Shell spalling | ψucr,N | Uncracked benefit | 1.0 - 1.4 |
### Shear ψ Factors
| Factor | Symbol | Purpose | Typical Range |
| ------------- | ---------------- | ------------------- | ------------- |
| Edge effect | ψs,V | Perpendicular edge | 0.7 - 1.0 |
| Thickness | ψh,V | Member depth | 0.7 - 1.0 |
| Eccentricity | ψec,V | Non-uniform loading | 0.5 - 1.0 |
| Direction | ψα,V | Load angle to edge | 0.7 - 1.0 |
| Reinforcement | ψre,V | Edge reinforcement | 0.7 - 1.0 |
## National Annex Variations
National Annexes can modify recommended γM values:
### Typical Variations
| Country | Variation |
| -------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| Germany (DIN EN 1992-4/NA) | Generally follows recommended |
| UK (BS EN 1992-4/NA) | Follows recommended values |
| France (NF EN 1992-4/NA) | Some modifications |
| Spain (UNE EN 1992-4/NA) | Generally follows recommended |
Always verify applicable National Annex for your project jurisdiction. Clariti uses recommended values by default.
## Product-Specific Factors
ETAs may specify different factors based on testing:
### When ETA Values Differ
| Situation | Action |
| ------------------------ | --------------------------------- |
| ETA γM higher | Use ETA value (more conservative) |
| ETA γM lower | Use ETA value (test-validated) |
| No ETA value | Use EN 1992-4 recommended |
Clariti automatically uses product-specific factors when available in the database.
## Consequence Classes
EN 1990 defines consequence classes affecting reliability:
| Class | Description | γ Modification |
| ----- | ---------------- | --------------------- |
| CC1 | Low consequence | May reduce by \~10% |
| CC2 | Medium (default) | Standard values |
| CC3 | High consequence | May increase by \~10% |
Most building applications use CC2. Modification factors KFI apply to actions, not resistances.
## Durability Factors
For corrosion and environmental exposure:
| Exposure | Consideration |
| ------------ | ------------------------------------ |
| Internal dry | Standard factors |
| External | Material selection (stainless steel) |
| Aggressive | Specialist assessment required |
Durability is typically addressed through material selection rather than factor modification.
## Fire Design
For fire design situations:
| Parameter | Fire Design |
| ---------------- | ---------------------- |
| γM,fi | Reduced (often 1.0) |
| Loads | Accidental combination |
| Resistance | Temperature-reduced |
Fire design follows EN 1992-1-2. Clariti focuses on ambient temperature design.
## In Clariti
### Factor Display
Clariti shows all factors in calculations:
1. **Summary view**: Shows resulting design resistance
2. **Expanded view**: Shows Rk, γM, and Rd = Rk/γM
3. **ψ factors**: Each factor listed with value and source
### Factor Source
For each factor, Clariti indicates:
* EN 1992-4 reference (recommended values)
* ETA reference (product-specific values)
* Which value was used and why