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This page provides a comprehensive reference for all partial factors (γ) used in EN 1992-4 anchor channel calculations.

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Purpose of Partial Factors

Partial factors account for:
  • Material variability — Scatter in material properties
  • Model uncertainty — Differences between theory and reality
  • Geometric tolerances — Installation and manufacturing variations
  • Consequence of failure — Reliability requirements
The overall safety format: 
Ed ≤ Rd = Rk / γM

Where γM accounts for resistance uncertainties

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Resistance Partial Factors (γM)

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Steel Failure Modes

ApplicationSymbolRecommendedNotes
Tension, fykγMs1.0Yield strength basis
Tension, fukγMs1.2Ultimate strength basis
ShearγMs1.0Standard
CombinedγMs1.2Conservative
Product ETAs may specify different γMs values. Always check the ETA for the specific product being used.

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Concrete Failure Modes

Failure ModeSymbolRecommendedEN 1992-4 Reference
Concrete coneγMc1.5Table 4.1
Concrete edgeγMc1.5Table 4.1
Concrete pryoutγMc1.5Table 4.1

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Other Failure Modes

Failure ModeSymbolRecommendedNotes
PulloutγMp1.5Product-specific available
SplittingγMsp1.5Standard
Blow-outγMc1.5If applicable

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Complete Factor Table

Reference table for all modes:
ModeCharacteristicPartial FactorDesign Resistance
Steel tensionNRk,sγMs = 1.2NRd,s = NRk,s/1.2
Concrete coneNRk,cγMc = 1.5NRd,c = NRk,c/1.5
PulloutNRk,pγMp = 1.5NRd,p = NRk,p/1.5
SplittingNRk,spγMsp = 1.5NRd,sp = NRk,sp/1.5
Steel shearVRk,sγMs = 1.0VRd,s = VRk,s/1.0
Concrete edgeVRk,cγMc = 1.5VRd,c = VRk,c/1.5
PryoutVRk,cpγMc = 1.5VRd,cp = VRk,cp/1.5

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Reduction Factors (ψ)

In addition to γ factors, various ψ factors reduce characteristic resistances:

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Tension ψ Factors

FactorSymbolPurposeTypical Range
Edge effectψs,NEdge disturbance0.7 - 1.0
Eccentricityψec,NNon-uniform loading0.5 - 1.0
Reinforcementψre,NSupplementary steel0.5 - 1.0
Shell spallingψucr,NUncracked benefit1.0 - 1.4

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Shear ψ Factors

FactorSymbolPurposeTypical Range
Edge effectψs,VPerpendicular edge0.7 - 1.0
Thicknessψh,VMember depth0.7 - 1.0
Eccentricityψec,VNon-uniform loading0.5 - 1.0
Directionψα,VLoad angle to edge0.7 - 1.0
Reinforcementψre,VEdge reinforcement0.7 - 1.0

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National Annex Variations

National Annexes can modify recommended γM values:

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Typical Variations

CountryVariation
Germany (DIN EN 1992-4/NA)Generally follows recommended
UK (BS EN 1992-4/NA)Follows recommended values
France (NF EN 1992-4/NA)Some modifications
Spain (UNE EN 1992-4/NA)Generally follows recommended
Always verify applicable National Annex for your project jurisdiction. Clariti uses recommended values by default.

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Product-Specific Factors

ETAs may specify different factors based on testing:

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When ETA Values Differ

SituationAction
ETA γM higherUse ETA value (more conservative)
ETA γM lowerUse ETA value (test-validated)
No ETA valueUse EN 1992-4 recommended
Clariti automatically uses product-specific factors when available in the database.

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Consequence Classes

EN 1990 defines consequence classes affecting reliability:
ClassDescriptionγ Modification
CC1Low consequenceMay reduce by ~10%
CC2Medium (default)Standard values
CC3High consequenceMay increase by ~10%
Most building applications use CC2. Modification factors KFI apply to actions, not resistances.

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Durability Factors

For corrosion and environmental exposure:
ExposureConsideration
Internal dryStandard factors
ExternalMaterial selection (stainless steel)
AggressiveSpecialist assessment required
Durability is typically addressed through material selection rather than factor modification.

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Fire Design

For fire design situations:
ParameterFire Design
γM,fiReduced (often 1.0)
LoadsAccidental combination
ResistanceTemperature-reduced
Fire design follows EN 1992-1-2. Clariti focuses on ambient temperature design.

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Summary Matrix

Quick reference for typical design: 
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    TENSION                              │
│  ┌─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐            │
│  │  Steel  │  Cone   │ Pullout │ Split   │            │
│  │  γ=1.2  │  γ=1.5  │  γ=1.5  │  γ=1.5  │            │
│  └─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘            │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                     SHEAR                               │
│  ┌─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐                       │
│  │  Steel  │  Edge   │ Pryout  │                       │
│  │  γ=1.0  │  γ=1.5  │  γ=1.5  │                       │
│  └─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘                       │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

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In Clariti

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Factor Display

Clariti shows all factors in calculations:
  1. Summary view: Shows resulting design resistance
  2. Expanded view: Shows Rk, γM, and Rd = Rk/γM
  3. ψ factors: Each factor listed with value and source

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Factor Source

For each factor, Clariti indicates:
  • EN 1992-4 reference (recommended values)
  • ETA reference (product-specific values)
  • Which value was used and why